Elevator safety apparatus



May 14, 1935. F. HYMANS 2,001,361

ELEVATOR SAFETY APPARATUS Filed Nov. 21, 1934 Z5 Z5 I2 lb d 27 F1 G.| I

FM INVENTORA 7b a 77' J BY ATTORNEY Patented May 14, 1935 "FT? ELEVATOR SAFETY APPARATUS Frederick Hymans, Larchmont, N. Y., assignor to Otis Elevator Company,

New York, N. Y.,.a

This invention relates equipment. 7

Safety brakes and related equipment arranged to stop a movable body, such as the elevator car or counterweight, upon such body attaining a speed which is a given amount in excess of its normal full speed, are well known. In many cases, and particularly when the hoisting ropes to elevator safety One feature of the invention resides in providing immediate application of the safetyv brakes to stop the movable body when the body is subjected to abnormal downward acceleration, such operation being independent of the speed of the body.

A second feature of the invention resides in providing elevator safety equipment of simple character which not only is responsive to overspeed of the movable body to cause the application of the safety brakes, but also is responsive to abnormal downward acceleration of the body to cause immediate application of the safety brakes independently of the speed of the body.

Other features and advantages will become apparent from the following description and appended claims.

hatchway and closed upon the movable body (hereinafter taken as the elevator car) and maintained in tension, the upper and lower bights of the rope, at the top and the bottom of the hatchway respectively, suitable sheaves, with the end the lower bight secured to the and the end of the rope in the upper bight operatively connected to the actuating device of the car safety brakes. In addition, the invention involves providing a weight connected to the end of the rope in the upper .bight so that at least a portion of such weight is supported by the rope, the balance of such weight being supported by the car and serving to maintain such weight and the end of therope in the upper bight, in fixed relation to the car during normal service conditions of operation of the car, such weight, upon abnormal downward acceleration of the car, moving downwardly at an acceleration less than that of the car so that the end of the rope in of the rope in the upper bight moves upwardly.

the car safety brakes.

the elevator passing around relative to the car thereby to move the actuating device of the car safety brakes from its non-safety-applying position to its position causing application of the car safety brakes.

In carrying out the invention, it'is preferred to incorporate it, as'in the embodiment illustrated, with mechanism for causing application of the car safety brakes in theevent of overspeed of the car. Such mechanism usually comprises a governor at the top of the elevator hatchway driven at a speed proportional to'that of the car by means of a governor roping system fastened to the car and having a loop of rope extending throughout the height of the elevator hatchway. In incorporating the invention therewith, the governor roping system is arranged so that the end of the governor rope extending from the governor at the topof the hatchway down to the car is fastened to the actuating lever of the car safety brakes- The end of the governor rope extending from the 7 tension sheave at the bottom of the hatchwayup to the car is secured tothe carat some convenient point, not on the actuating lever of the car safety brakes. Part of the weight of the governor rope tension sheave -'-is thus urging the actuating lever of the car safety brakes upwardly and thus tending to cause the application of To oppose this, a weight actuating lever of the weight being sufficient is suspended fromthe car safety brakes, this to overcome the upward actuating lever by the governor rope tension sheave, and to maintain the actuating lever in the down, non-applying position against a suitable stop, under all normal service conditions of operation of the elevator car. In the event of breakage of the hoisting cables, orof an abnormal downward acceleration of the car. from any other cause, the weightsuspended from the actuating lever of the car safety brakes loses its effectiveness to oppose theupward force applied'thereto by the governor rope, so that the actuating lever is'immediately urged upwardly. Application of the car safety brakes therefore results instantly, independently of the speedof the elevator car. In" the event the car, without abnormal acceleration, attains the overspeed'for which the governor is set to trip, the resulting tripping of the governor causes the governor result that the continued downward motion of the car efiectsmovement of the actuating lever upwardly relative to the can-and thus, infthe application of the car safetybrake's -in this governor rope Brice forceimparted to the rope to be gripped by the governor with the' instance in direct response to the speed of the car.

In the drawings:- V

Figure 1 is a schematic view of anelevator installation embodying the invention;

Figure 2 is an enlarged view of the car safety brake taken as indicated by the line 2-2 of Figure 1;and H V V Figure 3 is an enlarged view, partially in section, of the governor illustrated in Figure 1.

Referring to the drawings, elevator car ]0, comprising the cab H and the car frame I2, is raised and lowered through the intermediary of hoisting cables side by means of guide rails 14,, with which cooperate guide shoes i5 mounted on' the car frame. The lower transverse ,member l6 of the car frame is provided at either end with a car safety brake, generally designated II, for griping the guide rails and stopping the elevator car-in emergencies. The car safety brakes illustrated are a; formof an instantaneous safety commonly known as the roll safety; Each safety brake, ll comprises a safety block 20, suitably secured to the lower transverse member 16, having astraight-sided portion 2! adjacent one side of the guide rail Hi and a bevelled portion 22 adjacent the other side of the guide rail. Aknurled roller 23 is normally in an inactive position at the bottom of the bevelled portion 22 of safety block 29, asillustrated in Figure 2, where aypin 2d prevents the roller from engaging the guide rail. When car safety brake I1 is applied, roller 23 is raised by a lift rod 25, the lower end of which is flat, as at 2 6, and-is provided with a lip 21 extending under the roller. I'he flat portion of the lift rod is provided with a slanted slot 39 through which extends a pin 3! so, that upward motion of the lift rod leads roller 23 toward the adjacent guide rail surface. downward motion of the elevator car at, this instantcauses roller 23- tobe wedged between the guide rail I4 and the bevelled portion 22 of safetyblock 26; This action results in the guide rail i i being clamped, between roller 23 and the straight-sided portion '2! of safety block 20, and'thus, in bringing the car to an immediatestop. i V

The lift rods 25 for the two car safety brakes I? extend jupwardly to the upper transverse member 32 of,;the car frame and are arranged for joint operation by means of the bell cranks 33 and 34 and the connecting rod 35. 'A stop 36 is provided under the actuating lever 3'! of bell crank33, with which, under ordinary service conditionasuch lever is in engagement, When actuating lever 3? is raisedfrom stop 36, the lift, rods 25 are raised and the car safety brakes I! applied.- Also when actuating lever 37 is raised a suitable switch 48 is actuated to ,de-

energize the elevator hoisting apparatus and bring such apparatus toa stop.

e For applying the car safety brakes in the event of overspeed of the car, there is provided a governor, generally designated 4!, which is usually positioned at the top of the hatchway and driven fromthe elevator car by a governor rope 42. The governor Millustrated comprises a sheave 43 mounted for rotation about a shaft 64, fixedly mounted upon To sheave 43, at points a stationary standard iii. 7 4B, are pivotally mounted two arms 41, each of which has a weighted end 48. The two arms-t1 are connected by an equalizing link 50, and are urged to their innermost position. wherein lugs 5! on the, arms engage i3 and is guidedat either the clockwise rotation of against a stop 64. Yoke 63 rope 42, when yoke portions 51 and The stop surfaces formed on a hub 52 of sheave 43, by two springs 53. 'Each spring 53 is a helical spring positioned about a rod 5 3 that is secured at one end to sheave 43 and, at the other end, projects through a suitable aperture in a lip 55 formed at the weighted end 69 of arm M, the spring 53 acting between lip 55 and a nut 55 adjustable on the rod 54. Arms A? rotate with sheave 43 and as the speed of rotation of sheave 43 increases, the weighted ends 48 of armed! fly outward against the action of springs 53. When the rotation of sheave 43 is clockwise, as viewed in Figures 1 and 3, and the speed of rotation reaches a predetermined value, one or the otherof the two dogs 51, each on one end of the weighted ends 48; engages with one of the lugs '66 formed around the inside of an annular shell '65. Shell 6| is rotatably mounted upon shaft 66, and as a consequence of the engagement of adog '51 with a lug B0, shell 6! is imparted with sheave 43. Shell 6! is coupled; as at 82, to a yoke 63 that is pivotally secured to governor standard 45 and normally is in the position illustrated in Figures 1 and 3, I has mounted thereona rope grip 85, for gripping the governor rope 42 in the sheave 43 when the yoke is rotated clockwise from its normal position. The rope grip is a wedge-shaped head of a bolt 66 mounted in apertures on two transverse portions 61 and 68 of yoke fi3at different'radii, the head being held out of engagement with governor 53 is in its normal position, by a nut 10 threaded on bolt 55 and engaging outer portion -58. Surrounding bolt '66 between 68 is a helical spring 'il under an initial compression, the inner end of spring ii abutting against a washer 12 which, in turn, abuts against a shoulder on bolt 55. As a consequence, when shell SI of governor is rotated clockwise as a'result of the attainment of the trippingspeed of rotation. of the governor, yoke 63 is rotated clockwise to'bring rope grip 65 into engagement with governor rope 42 and to grip the governor rope between the rope grip and the governor sheave 63. A drag is, thus produced upon the governor rope, .and inasmuch as one end of the governor rope 12 is secured to the actuating lever 31 of [the car safety brakes, the rope causes actuating lever 31 .to'be raised relatively to the car as the car descends, and thus causes the application of'the oar safety brakes i'l. Undue strains and possible breakage of the governor rope after'the drag is first produced in the-governor rope, are avoided by the action of spring 1 I, which permits the governor rope to slip'past the rope grip after the governor drag builds up to a predetermined amount.

To drive the governor so that its speed is in accordance with the speed of'the elevator car, and to provide instantaneous action of the car safety brakes independently of the car speed in the event of abnormal downward acceleration of the car, the portion of governor rope 42 extendingfrom the governor sheave 43down to the car is secured to actuating'lever 31, as at 13 in Figure l. The-portion of governor rope 42 extending from a governor rope tension .sheave 74 at the bottom of the hatchway up to drag thus produced on the governor tuating lever 33 remains exerts an upward pull on actuating lever 31, which pull, when the elevator car is stationary, is equal to one-half the weight of thegovernor rope tension sheave 14 (including the weight of the tension sheave frame 16 and weights 1'!) plus the weight of the unbalanced portion of the governor rope 42 on the stretch from the governor to'the governor rope tension sheave. When the car is travelling in the downward direction at a uniform speed, the upward pull on actuating lever 3? exerted by the governor rope 52 is increased by the force necessary to drive the governor from the car, and when the car is accelerating at a normal rate in the downward direction, the upward pull is still further increased by the force necessary to overcome the inertia of the moving parts in the governor roping system. To overcome this upward pull of the governor rope 32 on actuating lever 31, a weight is suspended therefrom; this weight being of sufiicient'amount to insure the overcoming of all the above specified upward forces upon the actuating lever 37 while the elevator car operates under all normal service conditions, and thus to insure lever 37 in its down position against stop 35.

Accordingly, the car safety brakes are not ap-- plied during normal service conditions.

In the event of excessive downward acceleration of the car, such as would be incident to the breaking of the hoisting cables 83, the weight 88 falls downwardly with an acceleration less than that of the car since the downward acceleration of the weight is retarded by the upward pull exerted by the governor rope 42.

tion of the elevator car l0 and the downward acceleration of weight 83 results in displacement of weight 8!) upwardly relative to car H3, and thus, in upward movement of the actuating lever 37 to cause the application of the car safety brakes ll.

7 The action of weight 83 under abnormal downward acceleration of the elevator car may be explained in another fashion by assuming that the weight 89 on the car first falls with the car at the abnormal downward acceleration thereof, with the result that the downward pull of the weight 8i on actuating lever 31 drops from its initial the is gravity acceleration, or a free fall. ward pull of the governor rope 32 upon the aceffective, and in fact, under conditions of downward acceleration, is in an amount slightly larger than that when the car is stationary or moving at a uniform downward speed. Upon such abnormal clownward acceleration of car this upward pull of the governor rope 62 upon the actuating leverv 3'! is no longer resisted by weight 89, with the result that the upward pull of the governor results in raising actuating lever 37 to cause the application of the car safety brakes.

It is to be observed the car safety brakes I! as ust described for conditions of abnormal of the car it is effected immediately and without waiting for the abnormal downward acceleration of the car to bring the car, and thus the governor M, to the predetermined overspeed at which the governor operates to eifect the application of the car safety brakes. The car is thus stopped, after the occurrence of an emergency condition giving rise to an abnormal response to overspeed of is inconsequential.

the maintenance of actuating.

a lower speed and with they case if, under such downward acceleration upon the occurrence of shorter distance, from less jar, than would be conditions, th stopping the car.

It is to be further observed that governor 4| still remains effective as'an overspeed safety device, operating in theevent of overspeed of the car to grip the governor rope 42 and in this manner to cause the application of the car safety brakes.

Attention is directed to vention is particularly stallaticns of comparatively slow speed andilow is such that, even assuming a free fall of the car, the inertia of the governor roping system In suchinstallations, the force causing the application-of the car safety brakes independently of'the car speed in accordance with this 7 the eifect of the weight 80 suspended on the actuating lever and of theweight of the governor rope tension" sheave "74, including the weight of the tension sheave frame it and weights 17. r It is to be understoodthat the invention is applicable to the counterweights in a manner similar to that described for the elevator cars,

safety brake; a sheave mounted at the top of said hatchway; a loop of rope extending throughout the height of said hatchway and closed upon said body, the upper bight of said loop of rope passing over said sheave with the upper bight operatively-v end of the rope in the connected to said actuating device, and with the end of the rope in the lower bight secured to said body; a second sheave mounted at the bottom of said hatchway and around which the lower bight of said loop of rope passes; means maintaining said rope in tension; and weighted means on said body connected to the end of said rope in the upper bight so that at least a portion of the weight of saidweighted means is supported by said rope, the balance of the weight of said weighted means beingsupported by said body and serving to maintain said weighted means and the end of said rope in the upper bight in fixed relation to said body during normal service conditions of operation of said movable body, said weighted means, upon abnormal downward acceleration of said movable body, moving downwardly at an acceleration less than that of said movable body so that the end of said rope in the upper bight moves upwardly relative to said body thereby to move said actuating device from its non-safety-applying position to its position causing application of said safety brake. 1 v a a of the car was madevin 1 the factithat the in-' useful, in elevator in-.

mechanism, including a safety 1 invention, is determined by comprising; on said body,

,of said loop of rope;

der emergency conditicnsjsaid mechanism also including an actuating device on said body movable from its normal, non-safetyeapplying position to aposition causing application of said safety brake; a sheave mounted upon a fixed support at the top of said hatchway; a' loop *ofrope extending. throughout the height of said hatchway and closed upon said body, the upper bight of said "loop of rope sheave with theend; of the passing over said .rope in the upper bight operatively connected to said actuating device, and 'withthe end of the rope'in the lower bight securedrto said body; a weighted tension 'sheave suspended from the lower bight of said loop of rope; and weighted means" on said body connected to the end of'said rope in the upper bight so that atleast a portion of the weight of said weighted means is'supported by said rope, the balance-0f the weight of said weighted means "being supported' by said body 'andservlng to maintain said weighted means and the end of said rope inthe upper bight in fixed relation to said. body during normal service conditions of operation of said movable body,

said weighted means, upon abnormal downward acceleration of said movable body, moving downwardly at an acceleration less than that of said movable body .so that'the end of the rope in the upper bight moves upwardly relative to said body and'thus moves said'actuating device from its non-safety-applying position to its position causing application of said safetybralze.

3. Elevator safety equipment for a movable body in the hatchway of anelevator installation, mechanism, includinga safety brake for stopping said body under emergency conditions, said mechanism aso including an actuating device on said body movable from its normal, non-safety-applyingposition .to a position causing application of said safety brake; a 'rotatable sheave mounted upon a fixed support at the topof said hatchway; a loop of rope extending throughout the height ofsaid hatchway and closed upon said body, the upper bight of said loop of rope passing over said rotatable sheave with the end of the rope in the upper bight operatively connected to said actuating device, and with the end oft the rope .in

tension sheave suspended from the lower bight and weighted means on said body suspended from said mechanism for maintaining said actuating. device in its nonsafety-applying position during normal service conditions of operation of said movable body, said weighted means being ineffective'to" maintain said actuating device in its non-safety-applyposition upon abnormal downward acceleration of said movable body.

4. In an elevator installation; a body movable up and down in the elevator hatchway;

safety brake equipment for stopping said body in emergencies independently of the hoisting rope and-hoisting mechanism for said body, said equipment including a safety brake on said body, a member extending along the hatchway to be :gripped by the safety brake when the safety brake is applied, and an actuating device on said body-causing application of the safety brake when moved from its down position; a weight on said body suspended fromsaid actuating de-' said actuating device in vice, said weight tending' to maintain said actuating device in its down position; a rope in said hatchway, one end of said rope being secured to'said actuating device, with said rope extending from said one end up to hatchway, passing over deflection means at the top of said hatchway, extending down to the bottom of said hatchway andthence extending up to and secured to said body; and weighted means suspended from the bight of said rope at the bottom of said hatchway.

5. In an elevator installation; a body movable up and down inthe elevator hatchway; safety brake equipment for stopping said body in emergencies independently of the hoisting'rope and hoisting mechanism for said body, said equipment includinga safety brake on said body,

a member extending along the hatchway to be extending from said one end up to the top of said hatchway, passing over deflection means at the top of said hatchway, extending down to the bottom of said hatchway and thence extending up to and secured to said body; a weight on said body operatively related to the end of said rope that is secured to said actuating device so that said weight exerts a downward pull on such end of said rope and maintains its down position during normal operation of said body; and weighted means suspended from the bight of said rope atthe bottom of said hatchway, said Weight and said'weighted means cooperating during abnormal downward acceleration of the car to move-said actuating'device from its down position to cause application of the safety brake.

6, Elevator safety equipment for stopping,

immediately upon abnormal downward acceleration and independently of speed, an elevator car equipped with car safety brakes and an' actuating member for-causing, when raisedfrom a down position, the application of the car safety brakes, characterized by; a loop of rope in the elevator hatchway extending from the top to the bottom thereof with the downwardly extending end of the rope secured to the actuatfrom the actuating member to oppose the upward pull exerted thereon by the end of the rope secured thereto and effective to maintain the actuating member in its down position during normalservice conditions of car operation,

the weight, becoming ineffective immediately upon an abnormal downward acceleration being imparted to the car, so that the actuating member is immediately moved upward relative to'the car to cause the application of the car safety brakes.

7. vIn an elevator installation of comparatively low risetand in which the normal full speed :of the elevator car is comparatively slow, safety iequipment for. stopping .the elevator :car

the top of said promptly, in a short-distance and before the speed of the elevator car increases to any appreciable extent, in the event of .abnormal downward acceleration of the car, said safety equipment comprising;

on the car for stopping guide rails for the car, actuating lever, pivotally framework, movable from applying position to an up, tion; a rotatable sheave mounted upon a fixed support at the top of the hatchway; a weighted rotatable sheave at the bottom of the hatchway mounted to provide for vertical motion thereof; a rope in the hatchway extending from the car up to the top of the hatchway, over said rotatable sheave, down to the bottom, of the hatchway, under said weighted rotatable sheave, and up to the car, the end of said rope extending from the car to the top of the hatchway being secured to said actuating lever, the other end of said rope being secured to the car framework, and said weighted rotatable sheave being sup ported by said rope; and a weight suspended from said actuating lever, said weight being of such amount, not less than one-halfthe weight of said weighted rotatable sheave, as to oppose the upward pull exerted by said rope upon said actuating lever, and to maintain said actuating lever in its down, non-safety-applying position during normal conditions of operation of the car, said weight, upon abnormal downward acceleration of the car, movingdownward at an acceleration less than that of said car so that said actuating lever immediately moves from its down,

the car by gripping the said safety having an supported on the car a down, non-safetysafety-applying posinon-safety-applying position to its up, safetyapplying position to cause the immediate application of said instantaneous safety on the car.

8. Elevator safety equipment for a movable body in the hatchway of an elevator installation, comprising; mechanism, including a safety brake on said body, for stopping said body under emergency conditions, said mechanism also including an actuating device on said body movable from its normal, non-safety-applying position to a position causing application of said safety brake; a sheave mounted at the top of said hatchway; a loop of rope extending throughout the height of said hatchway and closed upon said body, the upper bight of said loop of rope passing over said sheave with the end of the rope in the upper bight operatively connected to said actuating device, and with the end of the rope in the lower bight secured to said body; a second sheave mounted at the bottom of said Eatchway and around which the lower bight i said loop of rope passes; means maintaining said rope in tension; governor means operatively connected to one of said sheaves and responsive to rotation of such sheave incident to a predetermined over-speed of said body in the downward direction, to grip said rope; and weighted means on said body connected to the end of said rope in the upper bight so that at least a portion of the weight of said weighted means is supported by said rope, the balance of the weight of said weighted means being supported by said body and serving to maintain said weighted means and the end of said rope in the upper bight in fixed relation to said body during normal service conditions of operation of said movable body, the end of said rope in the upper bight, upon said predetermined overspeed of said movable body in the downward direction and the consequent gripping of said rope by said an instantaneous safetysaid movable body injresponse to'the gripping of said rope and the continued downward motion of said movablebody, device from its non-safety-applying position to its position causing application of said safety relative to said body thereby to move said actuating device from its non-safety-applying position to its position causing application of said safety brake.

9. Elevator safety equipment for a movable governor means, .moving upwardly relative to to move said actuating body in the hatchway of an elevator installation, comprising; brake on said body, for stopping said body, under emergency'conditions, said mechanism also including an actuating device on said body movable from its normal, non-safety-applying posi-.

tion to a position causing application of said safety brake; a governor mounted upon a fixed support at the top of saidhatchwayysaid governor having a rotatable sheave by which it is driven; governor ropingfor driving saidgovernor in accordance with the speed of said'body and for moving said actuating device to its safety-applying position when, in response to'a predetermined of said hatchway and closed upon said body, theupper bight of said loop of rope passing over. said governor sheave withthe end of the rope in the upper bight end of the rope in the lower bight secured to said body;

mechanism, including a safety;

operatively consaid mechanism for maintaining said actuating device in its non-safety-applying position durgripped by the safety'brake when the safety brake is applied, and an actuating. device on said body causing application of the safety brake when moved from its down position; a weight on said body suspended from said actuating device, said weight tending to maintain said actuating device in its down position; governor means, including a governor rope in said hatchway, a governor sheave over which said governor rope passes, and mechanism responsive to rotation of the governor sheave at a predee termined speed in a given direction for gripping the governor rope, one end of said governor rope being secured to said actuating device, with said governor rope extending from said'one end up to the top of said hatchway, passing over said governor sheave, extending down to the bottom of said hatchway and thence extending up to and secured to said body, so that said framework, movable from a governor rope'drives said governor-sheave in accordance with the speed and direction of motion of said body, gripping said governorjrope' when said body, moving in the down'direction, attains a given speed. in'excess of its normal full speed; and weighted means suspended from the bight of said governor rope at the bottom of said hatch- Way o 11. In an elevator installation of comparatively low rise and in. which the normal full speed of the elevator'car is comparatively slow, safety" equipment for stopping the elevator car promptly'in the event of excessive downward speed of the car and also for stopping the elevator car promptly, in a short distance and before the speed." of the elevator car increases to any appreciable' extent, in the event of abnormal downward acceleration of the'car, said safety equipment comprising; an instantaneous safety on the car for stopping the carby gripping the guide rails for the car, saidsafety havingan actuating lever, pivotally supported on the car down, non-safetyapplying position to an up, safety-applying position; 'an elevator overspeed governor at the top of the elevator hatchway; a governor rope in the hatchway; a weighted-rotatable sheave at the bottom of the ,hatchway mounted to provide forvertical motion thereof, said governor having a governor sheaveby which it is driven byrsaid governor rope and also having means actuated at a certain speed and direction of rotation of said governor sheave to grip said governor rope, and. said governor rope in the hatchwayextending from the car up to the top of the hatchway,

saidv governor mechanism" over said governor sheave,

down to the bottom of the hatchway, under said weighted rotatable'sheave', and up 'to the car, the end' oi'said. governor rope extending from the car: to the top of the hatchway being se cured to said actuating lever, the other end of said governor rope being secured to the car framework, said weighted rotatable sheave being supported by said governor rope, and 'said governor rope driving said governor sheave, and thus said governor, in accordance with the speed and direction oi; motion of the car and so that excessive downward. speed of the car causes said governor to grip said governor rope; and a weight suspended iroxnsaid' actuating lever, said weight being of such amount; not less than one-half the weight of said weighted rotatable sheave, as to oppose the upward pull exerted by said governor rope uponsaid actuating lever;- and to maintain said actuating lever in its down, non-safety-a'pplying' position during normal conditions of operation of the car; whereby, upon excessive downward speed of the car and the consequent gripping of said governor rope, said actuatingle'ver is immediately moved from its down, non-safety-applying position to its up, safety-applying position to cause'the immediate application of the instantaneous safety on'the car, and whereby, upon abnormal downward acceleration of the car, said weight moves downward at an acceleration less than that of the car, so that said actuating lever is imme-' diately moved from its down, non-safety -applye ing' position to its up, safety-applying position to cause the immediate application of the instantaneous safety on the car.

FREDERICK HYMANS. 

